Characteristic features of creating and developing cryogenic systems of space-rocket launch complex "Soyuz"

Implementation of flight into outer space in addition to constructing spacecraft and rockets, requires the solution of many complex scientific and technical problems when getting ready to the launch. The complex of such issues includes production, transportation to the launch site, storage with minimal loss of cryogenic products - liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, filling the rocket fuel tanks, cooling hydrocarbon fuel with liquid nitrogen and safeguarding of the rocket cryogenic components. The aim of this research is to analyze all the problems listed above. We examine companies and professionals involved in developing the materials and cryogenic equipment, conducting research and creating the cryogenic systems. Thus, we emphasize some characteristic features of the processes occurring under transient conditions during the transportation of cryogenic liquids by pipeline cryogenic gas systems. Moreover, we consider the causes of intense water hammer, leading to the cryogenic equipment destruction, carry out a full review of the tanks and pipelines design of cryogenic systems and propose methods of improving the efficiency of the system insulation. The study tested the technology of cooling hydrocarbon rocket fuel in cryogenic systems, launch complexes through the non-contact heat exchange with liquid nitrogen and schemes of their implementation. The findings of the research show the calculated dependences and the results of the simulation temperatures, as well as the data on the relative costs of liquid nitrogen when performing the operation of cooling hydrocarbon rocket fuel in the cryogenic equipment. As a result, we obtain the cryogenic system characteristics of the launch complex "Soyuz-ST".

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